OCR Biology AS Page Listing (2009 Edition)

ISBN: 978-1-877462-16-0
Pages: 344

The page listing for this workbook is provided below.
Page numbers refer to the first page of each activity.
Some activities consist of two or more pages.

Note to the Teacher & Acknowledgments iii

How To Use This Workbook 1

Activity Pages 2

Explanation of Terms 3

Resources Information 4

Textbook Reference Grid 7

Using the Internet 8

Using the Teacher Resource CD-ROM 10

Course Guides:

OCR AS and A2 Biology 11

CIE AS and A2 Biology 12

Skills in Biology

Objectives and Resources 13

Hypotheses and Predictions 15

Planning an Investigation 17

Experimental Method 19

Recording Results 21

Variables and Data 22

Transforming Raw Data 23

Terms and Notation 25

Data Presentation 26

Drawing Bar Graphs 27

Drawing Histograms 28

Drawing Pie Graphs 29

Drawing Kite Graphs 30

Drawing Line Graphs 31

Interpreting Line and Scatter Graphs 34

Drawing Scatter Plots 35

Taking the Next Step 36

The Student’s t Test 38

Student’s t Test Exercise 39

Using Chi-Squared in Ecology 41

Using Chi-Squared in Genetics 42

Descriptive Statistics 43

The Reliability of the Mean 45

Biological Drawings 47

The Structure of a Report 49

Writing the Methods 50

Writing Your Results 51

Writing Your Discussion 52

Citing and Listing References 53

Report Checklist 55

Cell Structure

Objectives and Resources 56

The Cell Theory 57

Characteristics of Life 58

Types of Living Things 59

Types of Cells 60

Cell Sizes 61

Plant Cells 62

Animal Cells 63

Cell Structures and Organelles 64

Differential Centrifugation 67

Unicellular Eukaryotes 68

Prokaryotic Cells 69

Production and Secretion of Proteins 71

Optical Microscopes 73

Electron Microscopes 75

Interpreting Electron Micrographs 77

Cell Membranes and Transport

Objectives and Resources 79

The Role of Membranes in Cells 80

The Structure of Membranes 81

Cell Signalling and Receptors 83

Diffusion 84

Osmosis and Water Potential 85

Surface Area and Volume 87

Ion Pumps 89

Exocytosis and Endocytosis 90

Active and Passive Transport 91

Cell Division

Objectives and Resources 92

Cell Division 93

Mitosis and the Cell Cycle 94

The Genetic Origins of Cancer 96

Cell Growth and Cancer 97

Stem Cells 98

Differentiation of Human Cells 99

Human Cell Specialisation 101

Plant Cell Specialisation 102

Root Cell Development 103

Levels of Organisation 104

Animal Tissues 105

Plant Tissues 106

Gas Exchange in Animals

Objectives and Resources 107

Introduction to Gas Exchange 108

Gas Exchange in Animals 109

The Human Respiratory System 111

Breathing in Humans 113

Control of Breathing 115

Review of Lung Function 116

Respiratory Pigments 117

Animal Transport Systems

Objectives and Resources 118

Internal Transport 119

Mammalian Transport 120

Circulatory Systems 121

Arteries 123

Veins 124

Capillaries and Tissue Fluid 125

The Effects of High Altitude 127

Exercise and Blood Flow 128

Blood 129

Gas Transport in Humans 131

The Human Heart 133

Control of Heart Activity 135

The Cardiac Cycle 137

Review of the Human Heart 138

Plant Transport Systems

Objectives and Resources 139

Transport in Plants 140

Stems and Roots 141

Leaf Structure 143

Xylem 144

Phloem 145

Uptake at the Root 146

Transpiration 147

Adaptations of Xerophytes 149

Translocation 151

Biological Molecules

Objectives and Resources 153

The Biochemical Nature of the Cell 155

Organic Molecules 156

Biochemical Tests 157

Water and Inorganic Ions 158

Carbohydrates 159

Lipids 161

Amino Acids 163

Proteins 165

Enzymes 167

Enzyme Reaction Rates 169

Enzyme Cofactors and Inhibitors 170

The Genetic Code

Objectives and Resources 171

DNA Molecules 172

Eukaryote Chromosome Structure 173

Nucleic Acids 175

Creating a DNA Model 177

DNA Replication 181

Review of DNA Replication 183

The Genetic Code 184

The Simplest Case: Genes to Proteins 185

Analysing a DNA Sample 186

Transcription 187

Translation 188

Review of Gene Expression 189

Food and Health

Objectives and Resources 191

Global Human Nutrition 192

A Balanced Diet 193

Deficiency Diseases 195

Malnutrition and Obesity 197

Cardiovascular Disease 199

The Green Revolution 201

Selective Breeding in Crop Plants 203

Selective Breeding in Animals 205

Producing Food with Microorganisms 207

Increasing Food Production 209

Food Preservation 211

Defence and the Immune System

Objectives and Resources 212

Targets for Defence 214

Blood Group Antigens 215

Blood Clotting and Defence 216

The Body's Defences 217

The Action of Phagocytes 219

Inflammation 220

Fever 221

The Lymphatic System 222

The Immune System 223

Antibodies 225

Acquired Immunity 227

New Medicines 228

Vaccination 229

Types of Vaccine 231

Human Disease

Objectives and Resources 233

Health vs Disease 235

Infection and Disease 236

Transmission of Disease 237

Bacterial Diseases 238

Tuberculosis 239

Foodborne Disease 240

Cholera 241

Protozoan Diseases 242

Malaria 243

Resistance in Pathogens 244

Viral Diseases 245

HIV and AIDS 247

Epidemiology of AIDS 249

Replication in Animal Viruses 251

Emerging Diseases 253

The Control of Disease 255

Antimicrobial Drugs 257

Diseases Caused by Smoking 259

Classification

Objectives and Resources 261

The New Tree of Life 262

New Classification Schemes 263

Features of Taxonomic Groups 264

Classification System 269

Features of the Five Kingdoms 271

Features of Microbial Groups 272

Features of Animal Taxa 273

Features of Macrofungi and Plants 275

The Classification of Life 276

Classification Keys 282

Keying out Plant Species 284

Biodiversity and Conservation

Objectives and Resources 285

Global Biodiversity 286

Britain's Biodiversity 287

Loss of Biodiversity 289

Tropical Deforestation 290

Biodiversity and Global Warming 291

Grasslands Management 292

The Impact of Farming 293

Biodiversity and Conservation 295

National Conservation 297

Measuring Diversity in Ecosystems 299

CITES and Conservation 301

Evolution

Objectives and Resources 302

The Modern Theory of Evolution 303

The Species Concept 304

Variation 305

Adaptations and Fitness 307

Darwin's Theory 309

Natural Selection 310

Selection for Human Birth Weight 311

Stages in Species Development 312

Fossil Formation 313

The Fossil Record 315

Dating a Fossil site 317

Darwin's Finches 319

DNA Hybridisation 320

Immunological Studies 321

Other Evidence for Evolution 322

Homologous Structures 323

Vestigial Organs 324

Antibiotic Resistance 325

Insecticide Resistance 326

Ecological Principles

Objectives and Resources 327

Components of an Ecosystem 328

Habitat 329

Ecological Niche 330

Food Chains and Webs 331

Energy Inputs and Outputs 333

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 334

The Nitrogen Cycle 336


INDEX 337